[English Etymology] Miscellaneous Non-PIE Roots

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Latin *bacca "water vessel"  

Mid Eng basin "large shallow vessel or dish used chiefly to hold water or other liquid,"
    Old French bacin 
        Vulgar Latin *baccinum 
                                   *bacca "water vessel"

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Anglo-French borjon "a bud, shoot, pimple"

Eng bourgeon "grow, sprout, blossom," 

   Anglo-French burjuner, 

          Old French borjoner "to bud, sprout"

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 Old English bridd "young bird, nestling"

 Old English bird, rare collateral form
   ?umlaut to brood  and breed (rejected by OED as inadmissible)

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 Greek byrsa "hide, leather."

Eng purse
Old English pursa "little bag made of leather for carrying money"
 Medieval Latin bursa "leather purse"
Late Latin bursa, byrsa "hide" 


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Latin canto "section of a country; corner" 

Middle French canton "angle, corner (of a room); piece, portion of a country" 
      Italian (Lombard dialect) cantone "region"

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Proto-Italic *kaln/so- "hard;"

Eng callous "hardened," 
    Latin callosus "thick-skinned," 
                 callus, callum "hard skin" 
                                  callere "be hard" 
              

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Greek kharax "pointed stake,"  🔪

Latin character
     Greek kharakter "engraved mark, symbol or imprint on the soul, instrument for marking" 
                    kharassein "to engrave" 

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Latin aequus "level, even, flat; as tall as, on a level with; friendly, kind, just, fair, equitable, impartial; proportionate; calm, tranquil" 

Eng equal
   Latin aequalis "uniform, identical, equal" 

Eng equity
   Old French equite(13c.), 
                  Latin aequitatem "equality, uniformity, conformity, symmetry; fairness, equal rights; kindness, moderation,"

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Old Latin coira- "care, trouble, a healing" 

Eng cure

   Latin cura "care, concern, trouble, study; administration; a mistress, means of healing, remedy" 

        

Latin accuratus "prepared with care, exact, elaborate," 

             accurare "take care of" = ad + curare 

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Latin flectere "to bend" 


Latin flexibilis "that may be bent, pliant, flexible, yielding; tractable" 
             flex-
                
Latin reflectere "to bend back, bend backwards, turn away," = re- + flectere "to bend"

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Latin frequentem  "often, regular, repeated; in great numbers, crowded, numerous, filled, full, populous," 

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Eng gross

     ß Old French gros "big, thick, fat; tall; strong; pregnant; coarse, rude, awkward; arrogant”

          ß Late Lt grossus "thick, coarse (food or mind)"

                ß ?

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Latin haerere "to adhere, stick, cling"


Latin haesitationem (noun of action)"a hesitation, stammering, irresolution, uncertainty," 
               haesitare (frequentative)

French cohésion
      Latin cohaesionem (noun of action) "a sticking together" 
                    cohaerere "to stick together" = com + haerere

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Middle Dutch hyssen  "to hoist,

Eng hoist "to raise, lift, elevate with a rope or tackle"
           hoise (c. 1500), 
               Middle English hysse (late 15c.)

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Persian jarrah "a jar, earthen water-vessel

Eng jar

   ß Old Fr jarre "liquid measure smaller than a barrel"

       ßArabic jarrah "earthen water vessel, ewer"

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*kampo- “field"  

French camp

     ßLatin campus "open field, level space" 

          ßProto-Italic *kampo- “field" 

               ß ?

Old French champion "combatant, champion in single combat" 
       Late Latin campionem  "gladiator, fighter, combatant in the field"
            Latin campus

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Latin larua  "ghost, evil spirit, demon, mask"

Latin larva (plural larvae) "immature (masked) forms of animals that do not resemble adult forms (Linnaeus 1768)"

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 Latin mantellum "cloak" perhaps from a Celtic source

English mantle
  Old English mentel "loose, sleeveless cloak, that which enshrouds (c. 1300)"

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Latin merx  "wares, merchandise"

Old North French market "marketplace, trade, commerce" 
             Latin mercatus "trading, buying and selling, trade, market"
                             mercari "to trade, deal in, buy"

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Old Celtic *meini- "mine, ore"

Old French mine "vein, lode; tunnel, shaft; mineral ore; mine"

Mid Eng undermyne, "render unstable by digging at the foundation" = under + mine (v)

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Greek okeanos "the great river or sea surrounding the disk of the Earth"

Eng ocean
    Latin oceanus

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Greek  pelagos  "sea, high sea, open sea, main"

Italian arcipelago "the Aegean Sea" = arci- "chief, principal" + pelago 

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 Latin  plorare "weep, cry out," 

Latin deplorare "deplore, bewail, lament, give up for lost" = de- + plorare 

Latin explorare "investigate, search out, examine, explore, set up a loud cry (by hunter)" = ex  + plorare 

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Latin ponere "put, place"


 Latin positionem (noun of state) "act or fact of placing, situation, position, affirmation" 
               positus (past participle)


Latin positivus "settled by agreement, positive"         
             positus (past participle)

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Egyptian pimar "pyramid" 

French pyramide 
      Latin pyramides
            Greek pyramis (plural pyramides) "a pyramid"

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Old Eng rima "edge, border, coast"

dægrima "dawn, rim of the day"

særima "seashore, rim of the sea," 

Cognates:

Old Frisian rim "edge"

Old Norse rime, rimi "a raised strip of land, ridge" 

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Old Norse skirra "to frighten; to shrink from, shun; to prevent, avert"

Eng scare
   Middle English skerren (c. 1200)

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Greek topos"place, region, space; subject of a speech" 


Eng topic "a class of considerations from which probable arguments can be drawn,"
    Latin Topica 
          Greek 《Ta Topika》 (Aristotle) "matters concerning commonplaces"

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Latin vacca "cow"

Eng vaccine "the technique Edward Jenner (1749-1823) devised of preventing smallpox by injecting people with the cowpox virus (variolae vaccinae)"
     Latin vaccinus "from cows" 

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Middle French virer "to turn" 

 Eng veer "to change direction of the wind; to change direction of ship (1610s)"

Eng environ

    Old French environer "to surround, enclose, encircle," 

                             environ "round about" = en- + viron "a circle, circuit"

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Old French veloper "wrap up,"

 French développer
      Old French desveloper "unwrap, unfurl, unveil; reveal the meaning of, explain," = des-  + veloper "wrap up"

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[English Etymology] *nek- (death) ☠

 *nek-  (death) ☠ 



Latin noxius "hurtful, injurious" 
            noxa "injury, hurt, damage entailing liability" 

[English Etymology] *kadh- "cover, protect"

*kadh-  "cover, protect"


Eng hat
  ß Old English hæt "hat, head covering"  
     ß Proto-Germanic *hattuz "hood, cowl"


Eng heed
  ß Old English hedan "observe; to take care, attend, care for, protect, take charge of," 
      ß West Germanic *hodjan