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[] *ghredh- "to walk, go"

 *ghredh- "to walk, go"





Latin progressus "a going forward," from past participle of progredi "go forward," from pro"forward" (see pro-) + gradi 

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整體             : (非專業)l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l(專業)

減去移民後  : (非專業)l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l (專業)







第N代        : (非專業)l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l (專業)

第 N+1代   : (非專業)l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l (專業)

第 N+2代   : (非專業)l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l (專業)

第 N+3代   : (非專業)l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l (專業)





[] *pau- "to cut, strike, stamp"

 *pau- "to cut, strike, stamp"




Eng account "counting; reckoning of money received and paid, detailed statement of funds owed or spent or property held," 
     Old French acont "(financial) account, reckoning, terminal payment," from a "to" (see ad-) + cont "counting, reckoning of money to be paid,"

 Eng count
Old French conter "add up; tell a story," 
Latin computare "to count, sum up, reckon together," = com- + putare "to reckon,"


Latin amputatus, past participle of amputare "to cut off, lop off; cut around, to prune," = *ambhi- "around" + putare "to prune

 Latin reputationem (nominative reputatio) "consideration, a thinking over," noun of action from past participle stem of reputare "reflect upon, reckon, count over," from re- "repeatedly" (see re-) + putare

[] *re- "to reason, count"

 *re- "to reason, count"


 Old French rate "price, value" and directly from Medieval Latin rata (pars) "fixed (amount)," from Latin rata "fixed, settled," fem. past participle of reri "to reckon, think"

[] *ghabh- "to give or receive"

*ghabh- "to give or receive"







Eng due "customary, regular;" mid-14c., "owing, payable," 
     Old French deu, (past participle)
                            devoir "to owe," 
Latin debere "to owe, keep something away from someone" = de- + habere

[] *ndher- "under"

*ndher- "under" 


Latin infernus "lower," 
              infra"below"

Old English under (prep.) 
 Proto-Germanic *under-



[] *uper "over."

*uper "over." 


Old English ofer "beyond, above, upon, in, across, past; on high," 
Proto-Germanic *uberi