[English Etymology] Non-PIE Proto-Germanic Animal Roots 🇩🇪

Proto-Germanic *gh(e)n- "to gnaw (? imitative)"


Old English gnæt "gnat, midge, small flying insect,"
      Proto-Germanic *gnattaz  "biting insect" 

Eng gnaw
  Old English gnagan "to gnaw, bite off little by little" 

[English Etymology] *kreus- "to begin to freeze, form a crust" ❄

 *kreus- "to begin to freeze, form a crust." ❄

Eng crust "hard outer part of bread,"
   Latin crusta "rind, crust, shell, bark," 
          PIE *krus-to- "that which has been hardened,"

[English Etymology] *tere- "to cross over, pass through, overcome." 🚸

 *tere-  "to cross over, pass through, overcome." 🚸  





Eng through 
     Old English þurh
          Proto-Germanic *thurkh

[English Etymology] *to- "demonstrative pronoun" 👉

*to-  "demonstrative pronoun" 👉

	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.	Plural
Nom.	se	seo	þæt	þa
Acc.	þone	þa	þæt	þa
Gen.	þæs	þære	þæs	þara
Dat.	þæm	þære	þæm	þæm
Inst.	þy, þon	--	þy, þon	--

Eng that
   Old English þæt, "that, so that, after that,"
          Proto-Germanic *that,
                                    PIE *tod-

Eng the "definite article"
     late Old English þe, "nominative masculine form of the demonstrative pronoun and adjective; replaced se (masc.), seo (fem.), þæt (neuter) after c.950"

Eng though
    Old English þeah "though, although, even if, however, nevertheless, although, still, yet;"
         Proto-Germanic *thaukh




Eng -th "word-forming element making ordinal numbers (fourth, tenth, etc.)"
    Old English -ða, 
        Proto-Germanic *-tha-
                    PIE *-to-, also *-eto-, *-oto- "suffix forming adjectives marking the accomplishment of the notion of the base [Watkins]"

[English Etymology] *pau- "few, little" 👶

*pau- (1) "few, little" 👶


Latin pupa "girl, doll, puppet; post-larval stage of an insect (Linnæus 1758)" 


Latin pupillus  "orphan child, ward, minor" (diminutive)
              pupus "boy" (fem. pupa"girl") 
                ? puer "child" 

[English Etymology] *strenk- "tight, narrow, pull tight, twist"

*strenk- "tight, narrow, pull tight, twist"


Eng stretch
   Old English streccan "to stretch, spread out, prostrate; reach, extend" 
        Proto-Germanic *strakjanan


Eng string
   Old English streng "line, cord, thread, string of a bow or harp, ligaments, tendons; lineage, race"
         Proto-Germanic *strangiz 
                                             *strang- "taut, stiff"


Eng strong
    Old English strang "physically powerful, powerful in effect; forceful, severe, firm, bold, brave; constant, resolute; arduous, violent" 
         Proto-Germanic *strangaz

[English Etymology] *ghend- "to seize, take" ✊

*ghend-  "seize, take"  ✊

Eng get  

  Old Norse geta "to obtain, reach; to be able to; to beget; to learn; to be pleased with” 

      Proto-Germanic *getan 

Latin comprehendere ”to take together, seize; to perceive; to take in the mind” = com  + prehendere 

Latin prehendere "to grasp, seize, get hold of," = prae + hendere

Old French surprise "a taking unawares" (13c.), 

                        sorprendre "to overtake, seize, invade" (12c.) = sur-  + prendre